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Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2023

Danushka Nanayakkara-Skillington2024-09-12T09:14:48-05:00

The total market share of non-site built single-family homes (modular and panelized) was just 3% of single-family homes in 2023, according to completion data from the Census Bureau Survey of Construction data and NAHB analysis. This is a slight increase from the 2% share in 2022. This share has been steadily declining since the early-2000s despite the high-level of interest for non-site built construction. This low market share in fact runs counter to some media commentary on off-site construction suggesting recent gains. Nonetheless, there exists potential for market share gains in the years ahead due to the need to increase productivity in the residential construction sector. In 2023, there were 27,000 total single-family units built using modular (12,000) and panelized/pre-cut (15,000) construction methods, out of a total of 999,000 single-family homes completed. It is worth noting that the Census definitions of off-site construction are relatively narrow. In a separate survey, the Home Innovation Research Labs Survey of U.S. Home Builders has a higher share for panelized construction (5-12%) due to a wider definition of “panelized” construction. While the Census-measured market share is small, there exists potential for expansion. This 3% market share for 2023 represents a decline from years prior to the Great Recession. In 1998, 7% of single-family completions were modular (4%) or panelized (3%). This marked the largest share for the 1992-2023 period. One notable regional concentration is found in the Northeast and Midwest. These two regions tie for the highest market share of homes built using non-site build construction methods. In the Northeast, 5% (4,000 homes) of the region’s 61,000 housing units were completed using non-site built construction methods. At the same time, in the Midwest, 5% market share (6,000 homes) of the region’s 126,000 housing units were completed using non-site build construction methods. With respect to multifamily construction, approximately 7% of multifamily buildings (properties, not units) were built using modular and panelized methods, marking the highest level in the last two decades. This is significantly higher than the 2% share in 2022 and 1% share in 2018-2021. It is notable that modular construction methods accounted for 5% of this share, whereas in previous years it was only panelized construction methods that made up the small share of non-site build methods in multifamily construction. Prior to last year, the highest levels of modular and panelized methods share in multifamily construction was in 2000 and 2011, where 5% of multifamily buildings were constructed with modular (1%) or panelized construction methods (4%). Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2023Danushka Nanayakkara-Skillington2024-09-12T09:14:48-05:00

Home Buyers Are Looking for Amenity Loaded Kitchens and Bathrooms

Eric Lynch2024-09-10T08:16:08-05:00

In the most recent NAHB research on home buyer preferences, What Home Buyers Really Want Study1, consumers were asked to rate how 28 kitchen and 18 bathroom features would influence their home purchase decision, if at all, using the following four-point scale: Do not want – not likely to buy a home with this design or feature. Indifferent – wouldn’t influence decision. Desirable – would be seriously influenced to purchase a home because this design or feature was included. Essential/Must-have – unlikely to purchase a home without this design or feature. Kitchen Eighty percent of respondents rated a walk-in pantry and table space for eating as either essential/must-have or desirable, followed by a double sink (78%), drinking water filtration (75%), pull-out shelves and a central island (both at 74%), and a granite or natural stone countertop (73%). Overall, home buyers want to have kitchens with lots of amenities: of the 28 kitchen features, 21 were essential or desirable to at least 50% of buyers. A walk-in pantry has been at least tied for the top-rated kitchen feature in every iteration of the survey (Figure 1). Bathroom Similar to kitchens, home buyers are looking for bathrooms with lots of amenities, with 14 of the 18 features rated as either essential/must-have or desirable by 50% or more respondents. The results show an emphasis on the primary bath, with the top three highest rated bathroom features being listed for this area: both a shower & tub (78%), a linen closet (76%), and a private toilet compartment (70%). Both a shower stall & tub, as well as a linen closet, have been the top two rated bathroom features by home buyers in every iteration of the survey (Figure 2). Like the other areas of the home covered in this study, every question on kitchens and bathrooms is tabulated by the buyer’s income, age, geography, race, household type, and the price they expect to pay for the home. These details can be very useful in particular cases. For example, the report discusses the three kitchen features that appeal differentially to buyers in the Millennial generation, as well as three bathroom features that are especially important to include in more expensive homes. What Home Buyers Really Want, 2024 Edition sheds light on the housing preferences of the typical home buyer and is based on a national survey of more than 3,000 recent and prospective home buyers. Every question in the survey’s extensive twelve-page questionnaire is tabulated by the buyer’s income, age, geography, race, household type, and price they expect to pay for the home. For readers interested in more detail on kitchens and baths, or other aspects of the home, the full study is available at BuilderBooks.com. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Home Buyers Are Looking for Amenity Loaded Kitchens and BathroomsEric Lynch2024-09-10T08:16:08-05:00

Second Home Areas Gaining Home Building Market Share

Jesse Wade2024-09-09T10:24:47-05:00

NAHB’s featured topic for the second quarter HBGI reveals that 17.5% of single-family and 8.6% of multifamily construction takes place in second home areas. Recent NAHB analysis found that the total count of second homes across the US was 6.5 million, which accounts for 4.6% of the total housing stock. For this analysis, a second home area is a county that has a second home share greater than 10.3% of the county’s total housing stock (these counties fall within the 75th and above percentile of the second home stock share distribution). There are 788 counties that are considered a second home area based on this definition. Single-family Single-family permit data shows that the market share for construction in second home areas has grown by over four percentage points in the past nine years. The earliest data, which is the fourth quarter of 2015, shows that second home areas had a market share of 13.2%. As of the second quarter of 2024, the market share for this geography increased to 17.5%. However, this latest reading is down from a peak of 18.3% in the first quarter of 2023. The peak growth rate in construction for second homes areas was at 38.5% in the third quarter of 2021. The first recorded decline in the growth rate occurred in the third quarter of 2022. This downward growth rate was followed by five quarters of declines until the first quarter of 2024. Second home areas have averaged a growth rate of 9.1% between the fourth quarter of 2015 and the second quarter of 2024, while non-second home areas averaged single-family a growth rate of 5.1% over the same period. Multifamily Although smaller, the market share for second home areas has also grown for multifamily construction. The market share was 5.5% in the fourth quarter of 2015 and is now 8.6%, a 3.1 percentage point increase. This increase in market share has been more volatile than single-family, as growth in construction has not been as consistent for multifamily in second home areas. There have been three periods where construction growth for multifamily experienced declines in these areas, such as in 2017 and early 2021. The third period of decline is ongoing, as there have been two consecutive quarters where the growth rate has been negative to start 2024. The latest growth rate is a11.8% decline. This is down from a peak of 53.1% in the third quarter of 2022, as multifamily construction has slowed nationwide. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Second Home Areas Gaining Home Building Market Share Jesse Wade2024-09-09T10:24:47-05:00

HBGI Q2 2024: Single Family Growth vs. Multifamily Decline

Jesse Wade2024-09-03T09:20:29-05:00

Despite high mortgage rates, the lack of resale homes and pent-up demand drove solid growth in single-family permits across nearly all regions in the second quarter. In contrast, multifamily construction permit activity experienced declines across all regions for the second quarter of 2024. These trends are tabulated from the recent release of the National Association of Home Builders’ (NAHB) Home Building Geography Index (HBGI). Single-Family All markets for single-family construction saw higher growth in the second quarter compared to the first quarter. In contrast to the second quarter of 2023, which experienced declines across all markets, this year shows a clear reversal. Large metro core counties had the largest growth rate for the second consecutive quarter at 17.6%, while micro counties continued to have the lowest for the third straight quarter, at 3.4%. Looking at single-family HBGI market shares, small metro core counties continued to have the largest market share at 28.9%. Large metro suburban counties are the only other market with over 20% market share, at 25.0% in the second quarter. The smallest market share continued to be non metro/micro counties at 4.3%. However, this market remains almost a percentage point higher than what it was pre-pandemic in 2019. Multifamily In the multifamily sector, the HBGI year-over-year growth continued to post declines for all markets in the second quarter. This can be contributed to high levels of multifamily units under construction and tighter financial conditions. Only two markets had larger declines than the first quarter, with large metro suburban counties down 21.1% and non metro/micro counties down 14.8%. Notably, non metro/micro counties were the last market to experience a decline in multifamily construction. These counties were an area of growth in the second, third and fourth quarters of last year while all other markets experience declines or negligible growth. Multifamily market shares in the HBGI remained similar to the first quarter, with large metro core counties having the largest market share at 40.1%. The smallest market was non metro/micro counties, with a 1.1% market share. The second quarter of 2024 HBGI data along with an interactive HBGI map can be found at http://nahb.org/hbgi. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

HBGI Q2 2024: Single Family Growth vs. Multifamily DeclineJesse Wade2024-09-03T09:20:29-05:00

Economies of Scale in Single-family Home Construction

Paul Emrath2024-09-03T08:21:13-05:00

The cost per square foot of a single-family home declines systematically as the home becomes larger, according to NAHB analysis of two recent data sources. In microeconomics, unit costs that decline as a business operation increases in size are called economies of scale. In home building, economies of scale may exist in several forms. It is conceivable, for instance, that homes cost less if they are built in larger subdivisions, or by larger companies, where design costs may be spread over a large number of production units. This post, however, focuses on economies of scale at the level of an individual home. In other words, does cost per square foot decline, all else equal, as a home increases in size? The answer is yes, according to NAHB tabulation of data from the Survey of Construction (conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau with partial funding from the Department of Housing and Urban Development). Last Friday’s post reported on how the sale price per square foot of new single-family detached homes varies across time and geography. The chart below shows how it varies with the size of the home (measured in square footage of finished floor space). It is easy to see that the median price declines systematically, from a high of $200 per square foot for homes under 1,200 square feet to a low of only $132 per square foot for homes with 5,000 square feet or more. There could be several reasons for this. A conventional explanation is that some components of construction cost—for example, design, regulatory and waste disposal costs—may be more or less fixed and not change much with house size. The above sale price numbers are calculated after subtracting the value of the improved lot, but do not otherwise control for differences in quality or amenities present in the homes. One of the private services that does carefully control for quality and amenities when estimating construction costs per square foot is RSMeans. The chart below shows the base cost per square foot for a two-story home in each of the four RSMeans quality tiers: Economy, Average, Custom and Luxury. Within each tier, characteristics of the home (other than square footage) are held constant. The “Average” two-story home, for instance, has a simple design from standard plans, no basement, a kitchen, single full bathroom, asphalt shingles on the roof, wood framing, wood siding, gypsum wallboard interior, and average quality materials and workmanship. As in the previous chart, cost per square foot declines systematically as the house gets bigger. Although the rate of decline varies, at the low end of the size scale, doubling the size of the home reduces the base cost per square foot by somewhere in the neighborhood of 30 percent. Interested readers may consult RSMeans for further details. The bottom line is that economies of scale are ubiquitous in new single-family homes throughout both the Census sale price and private cost estimating data. This is significant due to the volume of queries NAHB fields about construction costs. Almost invariably, the queries ask for cost per square foot. To avoid large errors, it is important the requesters realize that the number will change depending on the size of the home. If you apply cost per square foot for a 3,000 square-foot home to a home with only 1,500 square feet, for instance, you will drastically underestimate the home’s total cost. Ideally, this post will be able to serve as a reference in these situations. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Economies of Scale in Single-family Home ConstructionPaul Emrath2024-09-03T08:21:13-05:00

Post-Pandemic Square Foot Price Hikes End in 2023

Natalia Siniavskaia2024-08-30T08:15:42-05:00

Median square foot prices (excluding record-high improved lot values) for new single-family detached (SFD) homes started in 2023 remained largely stable, according to NAHB’s analysis of the latest Survey of Construction data. For custom, or contractor-built, homes, the median price was $162 per square foot of floor space, not significantly different from $156 in 2022. For spec starts, after excluding lot values, the median was $150 per square foot of floor area. There remains a significant regional variation in square foot prices. In the spec market, after excluding lot values, median prices ranged from $262 per square foot in New England to $133 in the East South Central division.Contract prices of custom homes do not include the value of an improved lot as these homes are built on the owner’s land (with either the owner or a contractor acting as a general contractor). Consequently, contract prices are typically reported as lower than the sale prices of spec homes. To make the comparison more meaningful, the cost of lot development is excluded from sale prices in this analysis. The recent modest square foot price changes marked a sharp decline from the double-digit price hikes that characterized home building in the post-pandemic environment. Just a year prior, in 2022, increases for square foot prices in new SFD homes were approaching 20%, more than doubling the historically high U.S. inflation rate of 8%. The deceleration for median square foot prices reflects relatively stable building material prices and slower growth in home building wages in 2023. The shifts towards cost-effective methods, such as building homes on slabs rather than with full or partial basements, also contributed to decelerating median square foot prices.In the for-sale market, the New England division registered the highest and fastest rising median square foot prices. Half of new for-sale SFD homes started here in 2023 were sold at prices exceeding $262 per square foot of floor area, paid on top of the most expensive lot values in the nation. After showing slower appreciation in 2022-2023, the Pacific division came in second, with median prices of $216 per square foot. The most economical SFD spec homes were started in the South region, where the median sale prices per square foot were below the national median of $150. The East South Central division is home to the least expensive for-sale homes. Half of all for-sale SFD homes started here in 2023 registered square foot prices of $133 or lower, paid on top of the most economical lot values in the country. The other two divisions in the South – West South Central and South Atlantic –registered median prices of $144 per square foot, the second lowest in the nation. Because square foot prices in this analysis exclude the cost of developed lot, highly variant land values cannot explain the regional differences in square foot prices. However, overly restrictive zoning practices, more stringent construction codes and higher other regulatory costs undoubtedly contribute to higher per square foot prices. Regional differences in the types of homes, prevalent features and materials used in construction also contribute to price differences. In the South, for example, lower square foot prices partially reflect less frequent regional occurrence of costly new home features such as basements. In the custom home market, new contractor-built SFD homes in New England are by far the most expensive to build. Half of custom SFD homes started in New England in 2023 registered prices greater than $233 per square foot of floor area. The East North Central division came in second with the median of $199 per square foot of floor space. The median custom square foot price in the neighboring Mid Atlantic division was $183 per square foot. The Mountain division had similarly high custom square foot prices. Half of custom SFD started here in 2023 had prices of $184 per square foot or higher. The corresponding median price in the neighboring Pacific was $167 per square foot. The West South Central and South Atlantic divisions are where the most economical custom homes were started in 2023 with half of new custom homes registering prices at or below $136 and $138 per square foot of floor space, respectively. The remaining division in the South – East South Central – recorded slightly higher median square foot contract prices of $145 – still below the national median of $162. Typically, contractor-built custom homes are more expensive per square foot than for-sale homes after excluding improved lot values. Over the last two decades, this custom home premium averaged slightly above 9%, suggesting that new custom home buyers are not only willing to wait longer to move into a new home, but also pay extra for pricier features and materials. However, these custom home premiums (see the chart below) largely disappeared in the post-pandemic environment characterized by supply chain disruptions, skyrocketing building materials costs and home prices setting new records monthly. In 2023, the custom home premium averaged 8%, close to its historic norm, suggesting that this recent trend reversed, and once again custom home buyers are likely to pay more for pricier features and materials. The NAHB estimates in this post are based on the Survey of Construction (SOC) data. The survey information comes from interviews of builders and owners of the selected new houses. The reported prices are medians, meaning that half of all builders reported higher per square foot prices and the other half reported prices lower than the median. While the reported median prices cannot reflect the price variability within a division, and even less so within a metro area, they, nevertheless, highlight the regional differences in square foot prices. For the square footage statistics, the SOC uses all completely finished floor space, including space in basements and attics with finished walls, floors, and ceilings. This does not include a garage, carport, porch, unfinished attic or utility room, or any unfinished area of the basement. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Post-Pandemic Square Foot Price Hikes End in 2023Natalia Siniavskaia2024-08-30T08:15:42-05:00

Single-Family Build Time Continues to Trend Upward for 2023

Na Zhao2024-08-28T09:22:20-05:00

The average completion time of a single-family house in 2023 was approximately 10.1 months, breaking down to 1.5 months for authorization to start construction and another 8.6 months to finish construction. According to the Census Bureau’s Survey of Construction, the permit-to-completion time has been on an upward trend since 2015. Currently, it is almost 3 months longer than the average completion time in 2015. This extended duration is largely attributable to a more stringent regulatory environment, ongoing supply-chain challenges and a shortage of skilled labor. Among all single-family houses completed in 2023, homes built for sale required the shortest amount of time, 8.9 months from obtaining building permits to completion. Meanwhile, homes built by owners (custom builds) required the longest time, 15.2 months. Homes built by hired contractors tookabout12.1 months, and homes built-for-rent took about 12.2 months from authorization to completion. The time from permit to start for all types of homes was longer in 2023. The period of time necessary to start construction required, on average, 1.5 months in 2023. In contrast, prior to 2017 construction typically started within the same month after obtaining building authorization. Between authorization and the start of construction, built for sale and built by contractors on owner’s land required 1.5 months and 1.4 months respectively. The permit-to-start time was even longer for homes built-for-rent and custom builds (1.6 months). The chart below illustrates that permit-to-completion time differs across home sizes. The smallest single-family homes, under 1,200 sq. ft., required 13 months to finish, relatively longer than larger homes under 5,000 sq. ft. This prolonged period is primarily because half of these smaller homes are constructed specifically for rental purposes, which typically takes longer building time from authorization. In contrast, homes ranging from 1,200 to 3,999 sq. ft. are built at the average building time, typically around 10 months. As the size increases beyond 4,000 sq. ft., there is a noticeable upward trend in completion times. Homes with 4,000-4,999 sq. ft. take about 12 months, while those between 5,000- 5,999 sq. ft. extend to a little more than 14 months. Homes over 6,000 sq. ft. take the longest to build, requiring almost 18 months from permit to finish. The average time from authorization to completion also varies across divisions. The division with the longest duration was New England (13.9 months), followed by the Middle Atlantic (13.2 months), the Mountain division (11.4 months), and the Pacific division (11.2 months) in 2023. These four divisions exceeded the nation’s average of10.1 months. The shortest period, 8.9 months, is registered in the South Atlantic division. The average waiting period from permit to construction start varies from the shortest time of 0.9 months in the East North Central to the longest of 2 months in New England. The SOC also collects additional information for houses built for sale, including a sale date when buyers sign sale contracts or make a deposit. Looking at single-family homes built for sale and completed in 2023, 17.2% were sold before construction started, 41.8% sold while under construction, 15.6% sold during the month of completion, and 19.7% sold after completion. The share of completed houses remaining unsold was 5.8% at point of survey. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Single-Family Build Time Continues to Trend Upward for 2023Na Zhao2024-08-28T09:22:20-05:00

Number of Bathrooms in New Single-Family Homes in 2023

Jesse Wade2024-08-27T10:30:08-05:00

A majority of single-family homes started in 2023 continued to have two full bathrooms according to the latest release of the Census Bureau’s Survey of Construction. According to the latest data, 64.7% of new single-family homes started in 2023 had two full bathrooms, 23.8% had three full bathrooms, 6.9% had 4 or more full bathrooms, and only 4.6% had one full bathroom or less. The recent data features the largest increase since 2018 in single-family homes with two bathrooms, as the share increased from 62.3% to 64.7%. This reverses the trend of the past two years when this share consecutively decreased. The share of single-family starts with 3 full bathrooms fell for the second straight year, down to 23.8%, while the share of single-family starts with 1 full bathroom or less rose to 4.6%, the third straight increase. Single-family homes started with 4 or more bathrooms share decreased to 6.9%, after increasing the prior two years. Across the U.S., the New England census division had the highest share at 75.6% of new single-family starts having two full bathrooms. This share jumped by 22.2 percentage points from 2022, and this was the first time since 2017 that the New England share was the largest in the nation. The lowest share census division was the Middle Atlantic, with 50.0% of new single-family starts reporting two full bathrooms. The share of new single-family started with two full bathrooms fell 9.2 percentage points from 2022 in the Middle Atlantic. Half-Bathrooms Most new single-family homes started in 2023 have no half-bathrooms at 54.7%. Following closely is the share of new single-family homes with one half-bathroom at 43.8% . New single-family starts with two or more half-bathrooms had a small share of 1.5% in 2023. Half-bathrooms are historically prevalent in the New England census division as 79.8% of new single-family starts had at least one in 2023. Half-bathrooms were the least common in the West South Central, with only 38.3% of new single-family starts reporting at least one half-bathroom. A trend of note is in the Pacific, where the share has fallen for five consecutive years, from 53.2% in 2018 to 40.7% in 2023. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Number of Bathrooms in New Single-Family Homes in 2023Jesse Wade2024-08-27T10:30:08-05:00

Flat Conditions for Single-Family Home Size

Robert Dietz2024-08-21T08:21:12-05:00

An expected impact of the virus crisis was a need for more residential space, as people use homes for more purposes including work. Home size correspondingly increased in 2021 as interest rates reached historic lows. However, as interest rates increased in 2022 and 2023, and housing affordability worsened, the demand for home size has trended lower. According to second quarter 2024 data from the Census Quarterly Starts and Completions by Purpose and Design and NAHB analysis, median single-family square floor area edged up to 2,164 square feet, just off the lowest reading since the second half of 2009. Average (mean) square footage for new single-family homes registered at 2,363 square feet. Since Great Recession lows (and on a one-year moving average basis), the average size of a new single-family home is now effectively flat at 2,387 square feet, while the median size is about 3% higher at 2,165 square feet. Home size rose from 2009 to 2015 as entry-level new construction lost market share. Home size declined between 2016 and 2020 as more starter homes were developed. After a brief increase during the post-COVID building boom, home size trended lower due to declining affordability conditions. As interest rates decline, new home size could level off and increase in the quarters ahead. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Flat Conditions for Single-Family Home SizeRobert Dietz2024-08-21T08:21:12-05:00

Solid Levels of Single-Family Built-for-Rent Construction

Robert Dietz2024-08-20T08:25:26-05:00

Single-family built-for-rent construction posted year-over-year gains as of the second quarter of 2024, as builders sought to add additional rental housing in a market facing ongoing, elevated mortgage interest rates. According to NAHB’s analysis of data from the Census Bureau’s Quarterly Starts and Completions by Purpose and Design, there were approximately 23,000 single-family built-for-rent (SFBFR) starts during the second quarter of 2024. This is almost 10% higher than the second quarter of 2023. Over the last four quarters, 83,000 such homes began construction, which is a more than 20% increase compared to the 69,000 estimated SFBFR starts in the four quarters prior to that period. The SFBFR market is a source of inventory amid challenges over housing affordability and downpayment requirements in the for-sale market, particularly during a period when a growing number of people want more space and a single-family structure. Single-family built-for-rent construction differs in terms of structural characteristics compared to other newly-built single-family homes, particularly with respect to home size. However, investor demand for single-family homes, both existing and new, has cooled with higher interest rates. Nonetheless, builders continue to build projects of built-for-rent homes for their own operation. Given the relatively small size of this market segment, the quarter-to-quarter movements typically are not statistically significant. The current four-quarter moving average of market share (8%) is nonetheless higher than the historical average of 2.7% (1992-2012). Importantly, as measured for this analysis, the estimates noted above include only homes built and held by the builder for rental purposes. The estimates exclude homes that are sold to another party for rental purposes, which NAHB estimates may represent another three to five percent of single-family starts based on industry surveys. The Census data notes an elevated share of single-family homes built as condos (non-fee simple), with this share averaging more than 3% over recent quarters. Some, but certainly not all, of these homes will be used for rental purposes. Additionally, it is theoretically possible some single-family built-for-rent units are being counted in multifamily starts, as a form of “horizontal multifamily,” given these units are often built on a single plat of land. However, spot checks by NAHB with permitting offices indicate no evidence of this data issue occurring. Nonetheless, demand by investors for single-family rental units, new and existing, has cooled in recent quarters as financial conditions remain tight. This will continue to cool some investor demand for SFBFR housing. With the onset of the Great Recession and declines for the homeownership rate, the share of built-for-rent homes increased in the years after the recession. While the market share of SFBFR homes is small, it has clearly expanded. Given affordability challenges in the for-sale market, the SFBFR market will likely retain an elevated market share even as the sector cools in the quarters ahead. Discover more from Eye On Housing Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Solid Levels of Single-Family Built-for-Rent ConstructionRobert Dietz2024-08-20T08:25:26-05:00

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